Practice question · Multiple choice
A cause of justification makes an act entirely lawful, whereas an excuse merely removes personal blame. What follows from this distinction when evaluating a third party who assists the actor?
Hints
- Does an excuse alter the objective legal status of the act itself?
- Can secondary liability attach to conduct that the legal order considers fully lawful?
Show the answer
A. The assistant to an excused actor remains fully liable for an unlawful act
Why
Because justification removes the objective unlawfulness of the conduct itself, no unlawful base exists for secondary participation. Excuses operate strictly in personam; the underlying deed remains a legal wrong that third parties cannot lawfully assist.
Practise Justification and Personal Imputation
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