Match each judgment of the Court of Justice to the doctrine it established.

• Van Gend en Loos → Direct effect: individuals may invoke Community law before national courts
• Costa v ENEL → Primacy: a later national statute cannot prevail over Community law
• Simmenthal → The national judge must disapply the conflicting national provision
• Francovich → State liability in damages for failure to implement a directive

Read as a sequence they are four answers to one question: what is a European rule worth to an individual? First it can be invoked; then it beats a national statute; then the ordinary judge must act on that without waiting; and finally, where none of that helps, the defaulting state pays for the loss.