Physics II / Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
Practice question · Multiple choice

Why does the solid-liquid coexistence line of water slope backwards?

Hints
  1. The slope’s sign is set by the sign of the volume change in the Clapeyron equation.
  2. Ice floats, so melting it REDUCES the volume.
Show the answer

A. Ice is less dense than liquid water, making the volume change negative on melting

Why

In dP/dT=L/(TΔV)dP/dT = L/(T\Delta V), melting ice has ΔV<0\Delta V < 0 because ice is the less dense phase, so the slope is negative. Almost every other substance has a denser solid and a forward-sloping line.

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