physiology

I can recite that the descending limb is permeable to water and the ascending limb pumps sodium, and that this multiplies the gradient. What I cannot see is why the hairpin shape is necessary rather than convenient.…

The oxygen dissociation curve is sigmoid rather than hyperbolic, and my notes say this is because binding is cooperative. That is the name of the observation rather than an explanation of it. What physically changes in…

Lactic acid gets blamed for the burning during a hard set and for the soreness two days later. I have since read that both attributions are wrong, and that lactate is a fuel rather than a waste product. What is…