Political Science I / Parties, Groups, Movements and the Media
Practice question · Numerical answer

In what year did Michels publish the iron law of oligarchy?

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  1. Just before the First World War.
  2. 1911.
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1911 (answers within ±2 count)

Why

1911. The method is what makes the claim bite: he tested it on the German Social Democratic Party, the most internally democratic mass organisation he could find, and argued that even there full-time officials accumulated the expertise, information and continuity that produce rule by a few.

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