Rank these four audiences from MOST likely to process a message by the central route down to LEAST likely, weighing both motivation and ability.

1. A postgraduate with a free afternoon, reading a paper in her own specialism.
2. A shopper comparing two washing machines she intends to keep for a decade.
3. A commuter half-listening to a radio advert for a product she may never buy.
4. A person walking along, glancing at a banner advert written in a language she barely reads.

The postgraduate has maximum motivation and maximum ability; the shopper has real stakes but less expertise and time; the commuter has neither much interest nor much attention; the final case is distracted, uninterested and unable to decode the message at all. Ranking them forces you to apply both ELM criteria rather than just asking who is paying attention.