Sort each intervention by whether it addresses primary or secondary effects of social origin.
Groups: Addresses primary effects · Addresses secondary effects
- Free early years provision to reduce attainment gaps before school
- Automatic progression unless a pupil actively opts out
- Nutrition and health programmes in the earliest school years
- Additional tuition targeted at pupils falling behind in literacy
- Guidance and outreach aimed at pupils who qualify but do not apply
Hints
- Ask whether the intervention changes what a pupil achieves or what a pupil chooses at a given achievement.
- Anything acting at the moment of decision belongs to one column.
Show the answer
Addresses primary effects: Free early years provision to reduce attainment gaps before school, Additional tuition targeted at pupils falling behind in literacy, Nutrition and health programmes in the earliest school years
Addresses secondary effects: Guidance and outreach aimed at pupils who qualify but do not apply, Automatic progression unless a pupil actively opts out
The last item is the strongest instrument in the second column and the least used. Making continuation the default rather than an application reverses who has to act, and the evidence from several systems is that defaults move the pupils that information campaigns do not, because the secondary effect operates through risk and cost, which a leaflet does not change.
Practise Education and Social Mobility
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