Complete the account of Esping-Andersen’s framework and its critics.

Esping-Andersen ranked welfare regimes by de-commodification, the degree to which a livelihood can be maintained without depending on the market. He identified liberal, conservative-corporatist and social democratic worlds. Feminist critics argued that the measure presupposes labour-market participation and proposed de-familialisation as the relevant dimension for unpaid carers. Others argued for a distinct Southern European type.

The two amendments do different work. De-familialisation changes the measure, asking whether a person can form an independent household rather than whether they can survive outside the labour market. The Southern type changes the map, and Spain is the case that motivated it: pensions comparable to northern Europe alongside services that assume a family will fill the gap.