History II / The Age of Revolutions I: the Atlantic and France
Practice question · Put in order

Arrange the stages of the fiscal-political crisis that opened the French Revolution.

Hints
  1. The sequence runs from a balance sheet to a crowd.
  2. The Assembly declares itself before the Bastille falls, and survives because of it.
Show the answer
  1. A century of wars leaves the crown unable to service its debt
  2. Attempts to tax the privileged orders are blocked
  3. The Estates General is summoned for the first time since 1614
  4. The third estate declares itself the National Assembly
  5. Popular insurrection in Paris makes the Assembly’s position irreversible
Why

Each step removes an option. Debt forces the crown to seek revenue; blocked reform forces it to seek consent; consent creates a body that redefines itself; and the insurrection makes dispersing that body impossible. By mid-July there is no route back to May, which is what makes this a revolution rather than a reform.

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