The scientific method is a systematic framework for building reliable knowledge, moving from an observation to a research question, a testable hypothesis, and empirical testing.
| Step | What happens |
|---|---|
| Observation | Notice a pattern or phenomenon |
| Hypothesis | Propose a testable explanation |
| Prediction | Derive a specific expectation |
| Test | Collect data via a study |
| Conclusion | Interpret the data |
| Replication | Independent repeat by others |
Per philosopher Karl Popper, a genuine hypothesis must be falsifiable: there must be a possible observation that could prove it wrong. Claims immune to all contradiction lie outside science.
Logic and Structure
Scientific reasoning uses two directions of logic:
| Logic Type | Direction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Inductive | Specific to general | Many white swans all swans white |
| Deductive | General to specific | Theory specific experiment |
A theory is a broad, well-supported explanatory framework, whereas a hypothesis is a specific prediction derived from it.
Pitfall: Treating hypothesis and theory as interchangeable. In science, a theory is much stronger—backed by converging evidence—not a mere guess.