Practice question · Numerical answer
In which year did papal legates and the patriarch Michael Keroularios excommunicate one another in Constantinople?
Hints
- It falls in the middle of the eleventh century, two decades before the Investiture Contest.
- Ten fifty-four.
Show the answer
1054
Why
1054: and the excommunications were annulled by Paul VI and Athenagoras in 1965. The nine hundred years in between are why the date is remembered; the fact that annulling them changed nothing structural is why historians distrust it as the moment of separation.
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